The percentage of per set tiebreak in the Slam since 1980 2008 is the starting point to explain how to lose Karlovic Federer making 55 aces and winning 15 Grand Slam with a racket "dated".
"Unless you are not one of those rare mutant virtuosos of brute force, you will find that competitive tennis, billiards as a professional requires a geometric mind, the ability to calculate not only your angles but also the answer to your angles angles. Since the growth of potential responses is quadratic, you have to think ahead to a number of shots n, where n is a hyperbolic function within limited by the skill of the opponent and the cosine of the number of shots exchanged up to that point ( approximately).
If the thought field is less analytical than that of Foster Wallace , increase the difficulty of response. And the service, but above all as a fundamental blow to begin with and set the game becomes more important. But how important? To try to answer and provide a first indicative assessment of the weight of service in determining the outcome of the tennis matches, we analyzed the tiebreak played on the percentage of total sets in the majors from 1980 to present (thus considering the Australian Open in recent years to Kooyoong Lawn Tennis Club, when the tournament was played on the grass and had not yet joined the quartet of the most prestigious events of the season). The index chosen has the advantage of being simple and easy to read and give a clear, without sacrificing too much depth heuristic to explain the evolution of the phenomenon.
The percentage of tiebreak games was measured in annual value of the sets actually played, thus not including the broken ones to pick, to standardize the data, whereas in Melbourne, Paris and Wimbledon there ' is in the fifth set tiebreak, were counted in the category of "tiebreaker" even partial decisive of the three tournaments that ended with a vengeance, however, because index pushed the score to an anchor innings. The data, which are presented below, confirm that years the preponderance of rosters has grown , and thus the opening shot of the game has become increasingly important, but the trend shows progress content such as tennis, unlike other sports such as swimming or motor sports, the evolution of the media is not so crucial. In the next paragraphs we will try to explain why.
AO RG Wim UO
1980-84 18.2 10.5 18.2 12.9
1985-89 15.6 11.3 18.5 13.2
1990-94 12.5 11.7 17.9 15.1
1995-99 14.8 12.9 18 6 14.5
2000-04 15.3 13.1 20.0 16.8
2005-08 15.2 13.4 20.2 17.3
The data show that in three tournaments during the period did not change size (Roland Garros, Wimbledon and U.S. Open), the service has gradually assumed a greater role, but without ever really be decisive. The trend different registered in Australia seems largely due to the change of surface when playing on grass, in fact, the percentage of tiebreak is quite comparable (in fact, identical to the first five years) than in the corresponding period in Wimbledon . Let us now give some possible interpretation of Circulation reported.
Technological development
A first indication of the marginal importance of the degree of technological modernity of the racket can get from a simple empirical observation: the victories and records of Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal are arrived with the rackets dated, and this should already say something. But switching to more specific considerations, we report a first service, which focuses on the study, is a blow to the effectiveness of which 80% is determined by the characteristics of the racket but not from the speed that the player is able to express is called the "angular momentum" that the movement of service is determined by the rotation of the trunk (high at the greater flexion of the elbow) and shoulder rotation, which develop the reaction force from the ground. With regard to the service, steps to the wooden frames of aluminum or fiber , the evolution from natural to synthetic gut strings, ending with the models from oversize flat ropes stretched to the heart, not seem to have substantially modified the speed you can shake movement. In a test conducted in 1997 Tennis.com, Mark Philippoussis served with a wooden racket, and with that he used in the circuit at the time and managed to release two service speeds comparable.
But the development of the shoe has led to a number of changes to the game which can largely explain the performance of the first data set and give a more precise version of the service because in the modern tennis is more relevant than ever before. When you used the wooden shoe, or the first models in aluminum, the weight of the tool was about 450 grams, while modern models weigh around 300 grams. As demonstrated studies on baseball , which can not with any substantial change of design also apply to the court, the easing of the racket is not a advantage in itself. A lighter racket can be moved, of course, at a rate higher than a heavier model. But have a faster swing involves a thinning of the threshold of risk of error and modifies the effect of stroke on the ball, both in terms of intrinsic speed of rotation on itself. The studies of Daniel A. Russell of Kettering University in Flint, USA, show a result that is at odds with common sense. The maximum speed of the ball after the shot when you do not have the swing speed is high and the bat lighter, and even when the apparatus is heavy because the speed of the movement will fall drastically, but there is a window where the yield slightly lower weight gain by increasing the speed of the swing speed of the ball out.
The extreme swing made possible by the new shoe was made possible speeds over 150 kmh in the exchange , with a significant sull'accordatura and stress on the strings, which is why they started being built more and more synthetic materials. But even those who continued to use the gut even in the late '90s, as Kafelnikov or Pete Sampras, pulled well over 30 pounds to increase the speed of release even at the expense of control (with some exceptions, like our Davide Sanguinetti, who pulled the strings at just over 20 pounds, choosing tuning "vintage", from wooden racket).
The design of the shoe oversize athletes also took some small adjustment in the biomechanics of the strokes, service included. The power is in fact greater impact than if the ball close to the heart rather than in the center of gravity of the string. This phenomenon explains why, having the racket handle tightly locked from the handle, the frame can flex and energy introduced for the deformation of the racket is not returned from the ball. As close to the heart you hit the ball, the greater the effective stiffness of the frame and lower the energy lost in the deformation of the racket. Playing with an oversize racquet, with the shorter barrel and an elongated oval toward the neck, creating a surplus of power first unavailable. It has changed over time, and uniform, the style of play.
Even Foster Wallace explains that "the shoe lighter head and a wider sweet spot most generous allow players to hit with more topspin swing and put more and more topspin you can create stronger because it grows you can afford to affect the margin of error."
Game Style
In modern tennis has all but disappeared lift effect, only used as a blow to the defense and made it increasingly rare spread of a settlement before the strike back. A more flexible racket, in fact, allows the ball to stay longer on the string bed and allows the player to maintain greater control of the direction of the stroke.
That was in addition to the more physical preparation of players and a standardization of the characteristics of play that emphasizes patterns of attack from the bottom, like the serve and forehand. The more muscle mass to generate rotations of the arm are considerably higher than those possible even a decade ago, to end Nadal's topspin that can produce rotation as six thousand revolutions per minute. Just play through it has become easier, because you can make better use of the advance plus the increasing use of Biman to play the backhand grip allows you to find an acute angle, playing the diagonal shot, impossible to reach with the back of a hand.
We may well explain why the service, even become more important over the years, has not yet risen to blow absolutely essential. Because on the one hand, the increased muscle power have allowed, together with innovations in the design of the shoe, fast service and in extreme cases excess of 200 kmh, but they have also made it easier to respond in advance or even take the initiative beating response.
A final point to be made with regard to the surface. Despite what has been said before, in fact, the clay surface is less preferred by players who rely heavily on the service, because the red this makes it less crucial than elsewhere, because the angle of bounce of the ball is close to an equilateral triangle (thus follows a direction tilted about 60 degrees to the ground). The spectacular example of the Karlovic-Hewitt to the recent Roland Garros shows it's probably better than any statistical consideration. It also confirms how the concrete surface is a "balanced" grass, which remains the favorite hunting ground for the "bombers" because here the angle of rebound is particularly low. Despite the slowing down of the surface and Gianni Clerici grass beaten down in recent years, which led to the extreme of the 2002 final between Hewitt and Nalbandian without a single serve-and-volley in the whole match, the levels of dominance in the service ' Last luster is even greater, albeit slightly, than that recorded for the Championships in the years of McEnroe and Borg.
In other words, it has evolved in the form but the substance of the Game of Kings remained the same.
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